ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano during the CAVES-X1 expedition in a cave system in. Credit: Italy, May 2017. ESA, Natalino Russo www.natalinorusso.it ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano last weekend helped to explore the caverns under Sicily using a drone that deliberately bumped into its surroundings in order to build a map.
ESA has been testing equipment, techniques and working methods for missions with astronauts in inner space for many years. Delving inside Earth and exploring caves often parallels the exploration of outer space, from a lack of sunlight to working in cramped spaces and relying on equipment for safety.
An extension of ESA's Cooperative Adventure for Valuing and Exercising human behaviour and performance Skills course, this CAVES-X1 expedition saw Luca join a scientific expedition organised by La Venta Association and the Commissione Grotte Eugenio Boegan in the La Cucchiara caves near Sciacca, Sicily.
Whereas such activities are arranged specifically for training astronauts, course designer Loredana Bessone says, "We now want astronauts to take part in existing scientific caving and geological expeditions – scientific exploration does not get more real than this."
The team arrived on 19 May and spent two days exploring the area, which includes a 100 m-deep abyss. As this cave reaches 37°C, the explorers also tried out cooling vests – another similarity to astronauts in spacesuits.
The video will load shortly ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano spent six months on the International Space Station, is a veteran of two spacewalks and has taken part in ESA’s CAVES and Pangaea courses as well as NASA’s underwater training mission NEEMO. In this talk held at ESA’s astronaut centre near Cologne, Germany on 16 February 2017, Luca talks about astronauts and exploration and how astronauts train and prepare for exploring our universe and the similarities between missions on Earth and in space. Credit: ESA Tough drone
Luca took geological samples and tried a new way of probing hard-to-reach spaces: a Flyability drone deliberately bumped into walls to learn how to navigate and to map tight areas that are too dangerous for humans.
ESA's course coordinator, Francesco Sauro, an experienced caver and field geologist, remarks: "The drone used its thermal camera to map how the cave continued all the way to an unexplored area featuring water, impossible to reach for humans.
ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano during the CAVES-X1 expedition in a cave system in Italy, May 2017. Credit: ESA, Natalino Russo www.natalinorusso.it "These tests will help us understand which technologies can be used in future exploration of lava tubes on Mars, for example."
ESA's strategy sees humans and robots working together to explore and build settlements on planetary bodies, as well as improving our understanding of our origins, and the origins of life in our Solar System.
The short expedition ends today with a conference on the use of novel technologies in underground exploration and scientific research of extreme environments at the University of Palermo in Sicily.
A talk by Luca at ESA's astronaut centre on preparing astronauts for space exploration can be viewed below:
ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano launching a drone during the CAVES-X1 expedition in a cave system in Italy, May 2017. Credit: ESA, Natalino Russo www.natalinorusso.it, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO 
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