Battery manufacturers often wait several hours to ensure the liquid is fully absorbed into the pores of the electrode stack. In the light of the neutron beam scientists at the Technical University of Munich saw that in a vacuum the electrodes were wetted completely in just over 50 minutes. The image shows the wetting progress after 33 and 41 minutes. Credit: Wolfgang Weydanz / Bosch / TUM Developers from Bosch and scientists at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) are using neutrons to analyze the filling of lithium ion batteries for hybrid cars with electrolytes. Their experiments show that electrodes are wetted twice as fast in a vacuum as under normal pressure.
One of the most critical and time-consuming processes in battery production is the filling of lithium cells with electrolyte fluid following the placement the of electrodes in a battery cell. While the actual filling process takes only a few seconds, battery manufacturers often wait several hours to ensure the liquid is fully absorbed into the pores of the electrode stack.
The fact that neutrons are not easily absorbed by the metal battery housing makes them ideal for analyzing batteries. Thus, Bosch employees, in collaboration with scientists from the TU Munich and the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, investigated the filling process at the neutron imaging and tomography facility ANTARES of the research neutron source FRM II.
Faster in a vacuum
Manufacturers of lithium cells often fill the empty cells in a vacuum. The process is monitored indirectly using resistance measurements. "To make sure that all the pores of the electrodes are filled with the electrolyte, manufacturers build in large safety margins," says Bosch developer Dr. Wolfgang Weydanz. "That costs time and money."
Battery manufacturers often wait several hours to ensure the liquid is fully absorbed into the pores of the electrode stack. The video shows the difference between electrode wetting at atmospheric pressure (left) and vacuum (right) as seen in the light of a neutron beam of the neutron imaging and tomography facility ANTARES at the Technical University of Munich. Credit: Wolfgang Weydanz/Ralph Gilles / Bosch/TUM In the light of the neutrons, the scientists recognized that in a vacuum the electrodes were wetted completely in just over 50 minutes. Under normal pressure, this takes around 100 minutes. The liquid spreads evenly in the battery cell from all four sides, from the outside in.
In addition, the electrodes absorb ten percent less electrolyte under normal pressure. The culprit is gases that hinder the wetting process, as the scientists were able to demonstrate for the first time using the neutrons.
The fact that neutrons are hardly absorbed by the metal housing makes them ideal for battery research. Utilizing the neutron imaging and tomography facility ANTARES of the research neutron source FRM II, developers from Bosch and scientists at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) now used neutrons to analyze the filling process of lithium ion batteries with electrolytes. Credit: Wenzel Schuermann / TUM 
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More information: W.J. Weydanz et al, Visualization of electrolyte filling process and influence of vacuum during filling for hard case prismatic lithium ion cells by neutron imaging to optimize the production process, Journal of Power Sources (2018). DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.01.081