Car emissions is a high-stakes issue, as last year's Volkswagen scandal demonstrated. Pressure to meet tightening standards led the carmaker to cheat on emissions tests. But wrongdoing aside, how are automakers going to realistically meet future, tougher emissions requirements to reduce their impact on the climate? Researchers report today that a vehicle's cold start—at least in gasoline-powered cars—is the best target for future design changes.
The researchers are presenting their work today at the 252nd National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS).
"The main goal of our project was to find out how effective regulations of gasoline vehicle emissions have been at reducing the formation of smog," says Greg Drozd, Ph.D. "It was also a very forward-thinking study in anticipation of how cars that meet future emissions standards will lead to reductions in air pollution."
Although the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has reported that air is cleaner today than it was in the 1970s, more than 130 million people in the U.S. still live in places where smog or particle pollution rises to unhealthful levels. Smog can cause coughing and shortness of breath, and can aggravate asthma or trigger asthma attacks. Much of this haze is formed from volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, and fine particulate matter from tailpipe emissions.
To find out what vehicles on the road are currently emitting, Drozd and colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley; Carnegie Mellon University; the University of California, San Diego; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology rented 25 gasoline-powered cars, including two hybrids, from residents in the Los Angeles area. The vehicle ages ranged from 2 to 20 years.
The researchers took the cars to the Haagen-Smit Laboratory funded by the California Air Resources Board and drove them on a giant treadmill. Using a proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometer, they were able to measure a wider range of compounds coming out of tailpipes more rapidly than in previous reports. They detected a cocktail of chemicals, including fuel components such as benzene, toluene and xylenes, and incomplete combustion products including acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and acetonitrile. But overall, their concentrations were very low for the newer cars.
"The clearest result was how effective emissions controls have become for organic gases," Drozd says. "New vehicles less than 2 years old emitted as little as 1 percent of the total amount of organic gases that a 20-year-old vehicle emitted. Very few studies have tested new cars for these gases."
The researchers also found that almost all emissions in properly functioning, new vehicles came out immediately after starting the cars when their engines were cold. But once new cars warmed up, they had to be driven 100 to 300 miles to match the levels that came out in the first 30 seconds of the engine turning on.
"Our work shows that for newer cars we should have fast measurements, so that we can then more accurately predict emissions from cars in the real world," Drozd says.
Even malfunctioning and older cars would have to travel 50 to 100 miles, respectively, to release the same amount of emissions as they would within the first minute of a cold start, he adds. This concentrated release very early in a car's operation occurs because its catalytic converter, which breaks down VOCs, hasn't had a chance to warm up yet. The faster it can heat up, the lower the emissions could be, he explains.
"That tells us how we need to inform future vehicle engineering," Drozd says. "We need to think a lot about that cold start. That's still the best place to reduce emissions."
The researchers' findings could also help the EPA model future emissions standards as the U.S. works to lower them.
Explore further: Despite a lot more people and cars, California's air is cleaner
More information: VOC emissions from gasoline vehicles: high time resolution VOC profiles and implications for future fleet emissions and pollutant formation, 252nd National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS), 2016.
Abstract
Over the past two decades vehicle emissions standards in California have been dramatically improved with the goal of reducing urban air pollution. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is the dominant contributor to urban organic aerosol, but controversy remains regarding the contributions of different types of vehicles to this SOA. Recent studies suggest increased NMHC potency for SOA formation in lower emission standards vehicles. Both speciation and the time profile after cold-start and stabilized operation for vehicular NMHC emissions are critical in effectively predicting not only SOA production, but also ozone formation and levels of air toxics. Experiments were conducted at the California Air Resources Board Haagen-Smit Laboratory to understand criteria pollutant formation for Tier 0 and low, ultra-low, super ultra-low, and partial zero emission vehicles (LEV, ULEV, SULEV, PZEV). A proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) measured emissions of volatile organics (VOC) with high time resolution. These emissions measurements are used to inform estimates of future fleet emissions for a wide range of chemical compounds. Cold-start emissions occur almost entirely in the first 30-60 seconds, and the cleanest vehicles (PZEV) show decreases in both the magnitude and duration of emissions. Stabilized (hot-running) emissions require a driving distance of nearly 200 miles to equal the emissions from a single cold start for the whole range of vehicle ages (1-24), except for a malfunctioning vehicle requiring 50 miles. These results suggest that future emissions will be increasingly dominated by cold starts. The emissions profile, particularly for the BTEX compounds, shows differences from the neat fuel composition, with implications for fuel based emissions inventories. The high time resolution of the data shows that vehicle operation conditions (e.g. fuel delivery and catalyst light-off) have varying effects on the emissions of fuel components and partially oxidized compounds.
