Even though no building material is fireproof, a few strategies could still allow more evacuation time during a future wildfire. Credit: Purdue University California's deadly Camp Fire is now 100 percent contained, but low humidity and strong winds in the state mean that wildfires could strike again.
Unfortunately, better building materials and planning can only offer so much protection, says a Purdue University natural hazards engineering expert.
"Two possible strategies to mitigate a structure's vulnerabilities to wildfire damage include incorporating better building materials and creating a defensible space around the structure where a fire can be stopped," says Julio Ramirez, the center director for the National Science Foundation's Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure Network Coordination Office, and Purdue's Karl H. Kettelhut Professor of Civil Engineering.
"But no building material is completely fireproof," he says.
The majority of Camp Fire damage was concentrated on buildings with wooden frames and flammable roof material.
To delay damage, Ramirez says, the frames should be substituted with concrete reinforced by steel, and the roofs with clay tiles. The type of windows is also important, as single-pane windows are vulnerable to glass breakage due to high temperatures.
A defensible space adds extra protection. Buildings in these regions should be farther apart from each other – since human activity in highly populated areas increases risk of fires – and as far away as possible from wooded areas or shrubbery.
When fire reaches a reinforced concrete structure, the heat has to first cause the concrete to separate and fall off, exposing steel. Then the steel eventually melts and the structure can potentially collapse.
Despite its shortcomings, reinforced concrete combined with a defensible space could still buy time for people to evacuate along identified routes.
"The biggest problem with wildfires is how quickly they spread," Ramirez says. "Even though reinforced concrete can be more expensive than wood, it's not unreasonable for areas commonly stricken by this type of natural disaster."
Cities should also evaluate power distribution, such as risk of a transformer spark initiating a fire, and further educate residents on preventive measures in a dry environment.
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